Ginsenoside Rg1 mitigates morphine dependence via regulation of gut microbiota, tryptophan metabolism, and serotonergic system function

The gut microbiota-tryptophan metabolism-serotonin plays an important role in gut-brain signaling in morphine disorders, which may represent a novel approach for drug dependence treatment via manipulation of the gut microbial composition and tryptophan metabolite.