Immune Check Point Inhibitor–Associated Glomerulonephritis

Immune check point inhibitors (CPIs) are a relatively new class of drug used to treat a variety of malignancies by releasing the immune system from specific inhibitory "check points" that have been built in to allow for self-tolerance and prevent an excessive inflammatory response. Some tumors can exploit these inhibitory signals to evade the immune system, resulting in proliferation and metastasis of tumor cells. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 and programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) are both examples of "check point" receptors that negatively regulate T-cell activation and blunt T-cell function.