Pyrene-conjugated porphyrins for efficient mesoscopic solar cells: the role of the spacer

Pyrene-conjugated porphyrin dyes with various π-spacers between the porphyrin chromophore and carboxylic acid moiety have been designed and synthesized in this study, showing an overall power conversion efficiency of 8.7% under full sunlight (AM 1.5G, 100 mW cm −2 ) irradiation.