Functional differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells on a chip

Microengineering human "organs-on-chips" remains an open challenge. Here, we describe a robust microfluidics-based approach for the differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells directly on a chip. Extrinsic signal modulation, achieved through optimal frequency of medium delivery, can be used as a parameter for improved germ layer specification and cell differentiation. Human cardiomyocytes and hepatocytes derived on chips showed functional phenotypes and responses to temporally defined drug treatments.