The Roles of Exosome-Derived microRNAs in Cardiac Fibrosis

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) stands as the foremost cause of patient mortality, and the lack of early diagnosis and defined treatment targets significantly contributes to the suboptimal prevention and management of CVD. Myocardial fibrosis (MF) is not only a complex pathogenic process with no effective treatment currently available but also exerts detrimental effects on the progression of various cardiovascular diseases, thereby escalating their mortality rates. Exosomes are nanoscale biocommunication vehicles that facilitate intercellular communication by transporting bioactive substances, such as nucleic acids and proteins, from specific cell types. Numerous studies have firmly established that microRNAs (miRNAs), as non-coding RNAs, wield post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms and exhibit close associations with various CVDs, including coronary heart disease (CHD), atrial fibrillation (AF), and heart failure (HF). MiRNAs hold significant promise in the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we provide a concise introduction to the biological attributes of exosomes and exosomal miRNAs. We also explore the roles and mechanisms of distinct cell-derived exosomal miRNAs in the context of myocardial fibrosis. These findings underscore the pivotal role of exosomes in the diagnosis and treatment of cardiac fibrosis and emphasize their potential as biotherapies and drug delivery vectors for cardiac fibrosis treatment.