A review of lithium-ion battery recycling for enabling a circular economy

With the rapid electrification of society, the looming prospect of a substantial accumulation of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) within the next decade is both thought-provoking and alarming. Evaluating recycling strategies becomes a crucial pillar for sustainable resource management. To satisfy the demand for raw materials essential for battery production, harnessing the potential of existing resources within spent batteries is essential. Counting on these sources will expedite and secure the electrification of society and could potentially disrupt the dominance of countries with abundant resources, fostering a more equitable landscape. This review involves a comprehensive understanding of LIB's market and the resource requirements associated with electrification. Furthermore, sustainable urban mining would be accessible. This exploration unveils the barriers hindering efficient recycling despite LIB's pervasive and avoidable integration into various aspects of human life. Analyzing these hindrances facilitates the identification of systemic issues, strategic measures and innovative solutions. Addressing recycling challenges encompasses refining existing processes and even challenging the design of batteries to enhance recyclability. This holistic approach attracts attention from the electronic, automotive industries and encourages the development of more sustainable battery technologies. Review also empowers knowledge of recycling methodologies, which are instrumental in resolving current challenges and driving future advancements. • Rapid LIB recycling is crucial for sustainable resource management. • Urban mining offers a sustainable source of raw materials for LIB production. • Design challenges and Advanced pre-treatment improve LIBs recycling efficiency. • Circular economy ensures sustainability, addressing EOL LIBs disposal challenges. • Recycling methods drive net-zero emissions and support the clean energy transition.