Flow characteristics in a heterogeneous bubbly flow associated with a top-submerged lance gas injection

sponsorship: The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the state key laboratory of advanced metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Beijing (No. K23-07) and the start-up funding of Jiangsu University (No. 21JDG054). (state key laboratory of advanced metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Beijing|K23-07, Jiangsu University|21JDG054)