Exploring the interplay of growth mindset, mindfulness, and L2 self-efficacy in second language achievement: a mixed-methods study

Abstract This mixed-methods study explores the interconnected influence of growth mindset, mindfulness, and second language (L2) self-efficacy on language achievement in intermediate English as a foreign language (EFL) learners. Quantitative data ( n = 411) analyzed through Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and qualitative insights from semi-structured interviews ( n = 19) reveal significant positive associations between all three factors and L2 achievement. SEM further clarifies the direct and indirect pathways through which these psychological elements impact learning outcomes. Qualitative findings enrich this understanding by showcasing learners’ lived experiences and the transformative power of these variables in fostering a supportive learning environment. Collectively, the results emphasize the importance of integrating growth-oriented beliefs, nurturing self-efficacy, and employing mindfulness practices in language education to optimize learning. This research offers notable insights for second language acquisition and educational psychology, informing educators, policymakers, and practitioners about effective strategies for promoting successful language learning journeys.