How is Child Maltreatment Defined and Assessed in China: A Scoping Review

Studies show considerable cultural variation in the definitions and measurements of child maltreatment (CM). This limits the comparability of findings, the formulation of policy, and tailored interventions. This review systematically maps existing published research regarding CM definitions and measurements, as well as related laws in China. A scoping review was conducted to explore the relevant published literature in English and Chinese from eight databases and legal documents between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2025. Our review identified 34 full-text studies on perceptions of CM in China, six laws related to CM and child protection, and seven scales that are frequently used to assess CM. Five characteristics emerged that explain CM operational definitions in China: frequency, outcome, intention, blood relationship, and perpetrator. Most scales focus solely on abusive behaviors, neglecting multiple characteristics, which may lead to culturally biased interpretations. Discrepancies exist between the CM operationalization framework and its measurement in China. The interpretation of CM results should be approached with caution, considering the operational definitions applicable to different cultural contexts.