Biomarkers in chronic kidney disease, from kidney function to kidney damage

with disease progression and outcomes.New potential biomarkers have arisen with the promise of detecting kidney damage prior to the currently used markers.The aim of this review is to discuss the utility of the GFR estimating equations and biomarkers in CKD and the different clinical settings where these should be applied.The CKD-Epidemiology Collaboration equation performs better than the modification of diet in renal disease equation, especially at GFR above 60 mL/min per 1.73 m 2 .Equations combining CysC and SCr perform better than the equations using either CysC or SCr alone and are recommended in situations where CKD needs to be confirmed.Combining creatinine, CysC and urine albumin to creatinine ratio improves risk stratification for kidney disease progression and mortality.Kidney injury molecule and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin are considered reasonable biomarkers in urine and plasma to determine severity and prognosis of CKD.