Cold exposure and acute chest pain-related life-threatening cardiovascular diseases: A scientific statement

<p>Climate change has amplified the variability and intensity of cold weather, contributing to a growing health burden. Cold exposure serves as a significant, yet preventable, environmental trigger for acute chest pain–related life-threatening cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), such as acute coronary syndrome, acute aortic dissection, and pulmonary embolism. This scientific statement synthesizes multidisciplinary evidence from meteorology, environmental epidemiology, basic science, and clinical research to offer an updated evaluation of the impact of cold exposure on these acute chest pain-related life-threatening CVDs. The evidence consistently demonstrates that cold weather significantly increases the incidence of such events, often with delayed effects lasting several days to weeks. Vulnerable groups, including the elderly, individuals with chronic conditions, and those of lower socioeconomic status, are particularly at risk. Data also suggest that interventions, including central heating, integrated health warning systems, and appropriate personal protective measures, can effectively mitigate the associated risks. Based on this evidence, the statement provides expert consensus recommendations across clinical, policy, and behavioral domains. Strengthening prevention and response to cold-related cardiovascular risks is essential for building climate-resilient health systems and mitigating the health impacts of climate change.</p>