Probiotic Spore-Based Oral Biotherapeutics Promote Brain Targeting toward Gut-Brain Dual-Regulation for Parkinson’s Disease Treatment

, solving the overwhelming challenges of oral brain-targeted drug delivery. In terms of anti-PD efficacy, probiotic spores emphasize a comprehensive gut-brain dual-regulation technology, which is an alternative to traditional brain-targeted approaches with limited systemic regulatory capacity. Taken together, the probiotic spore-based live biotherapeutics possess high clinical translational value, providing insights into oral brain-targeted drug delivery and gut-brain dual-regulation in other central nervous system diseases.