Artificial mitochondria ameliorates osteoarthritis through restoring cellular energy metabolism homeostasis

), while enhancing extracellular matrix biosynthesis. In a murine knee osteoarthritis (OA) model, intra-articular CAM injections reduced synovial inflammation, preserved cartilage glycosaminoglycan content, and restored gait function by systemic metabolic reprogramming. Histological and radiographic assessments confirmed CAMs mitigated joint space narrowing and cartilage erosion. This study establishes CAMs as a robust, mitochondria-agnostic platform for treating degenerative diseases by rectifying cellular energy imbalance, with immediate translational potential for OA therapy.