Modulating the oxygen reduction activity of heteroatom-doped carbon catalysts via the triple effect: charge, spin density and ligand effect

For metal-doped-G and dual-heteroatom-doped-G, the triple effect can activate double carbon sites, and lead to the ORR following the dissociative mechanism, which breaks through the activity limitation of the association mechanism, and further enhances the catalytic activity for the ORR.