表观遗传学
生物
甲基转移酶
DNA甲基化
染色质
DNA
遗传学
基因
水平基因转移
表观遗传学
基因组
计算生物学
甲基化
基因表达
作者
Irina R. Arkhipova,Irina A. Yushenova,Fernando Rodriguez
出处
期刊:BioEssays
[Wiley]
日期:2023-06-20
卷期号:45 (7)
标识
DOI:10.1002/bies.202200232
摘要
DNA methylation constitutes one of the pillars of epigenetics, relying on covalent bonds for addition and/or removal of chemically distinct marks within the major groove of the double helix. DNA methyltransferases, enzymes which introduce methyl marks, initially evolved in prokaryotes as components of restriction-modification systems protecting host genomes from bacteriophages and other invading foreign DNA. In early eukaryotic evolution, DNA methyltransferases were horizontally transferred from bacteria into eukaryotes several times and independently co-opted into epigenetic regulatory systems, primarily via establishing connections with the chromatin environment. While C5-methylcytosine is the cornerstone of plant and animal epigenetics and has been investigated in much detail, the epigenetic role of other methylated bases is less clear. The recent addition of N4-methylcytosine of bacterial origin as a metazoan DNA modification highlights the prerequisites for foreign gene co-option into the host regulatory networks, and challenges the existing paradigms concerning the origin and evolution of eukaryotic regulatory systems.
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