Discovery and characterization of antitumor gut microbiota from amphibians and reptiles: Ewingella americana as a novel therapeutic agent with dual cytotoxic and immunomodulatory properties

over conventional treatments while maintaining an excellent safety profile. These findings suggest that gut microbiomes of lower vertebrates harbor numerous uncharacterized bacterial species with exceptional therapeutic potential. Our study establishes a foundation for developing naturally occurring, non-pathogenic bacterial therapeutics and underscores the critical importance of microbial biodiversity in advancing cancer treatment strategies.