Heavy metal detoxification of gut environment: potential application of probiotic supplementation and challenges

The human microbiome is a diverse group of microbes that regulates the host's environment and health. Probiotic microorganisms improve gastrointestinal microbial balance. However, frequent exposure to heavy metals (HMs) such as arsenic, lead, cadmium, chromium and mercury can disrupt the delicate balance gut microbiota, altering its composition. Exopolysaccharide (EPS) from probiotics can effectively reduce HM toxicity and mobility in the environment, potentially enhancing the gut microbiota's ability to regulate the host's environment. The current paper discusses the role of probiotic supplementation on HM biosorption to build awareness about the health effects of HMs on human metabolism and raises concerns about their sources, distribution and the potential effects on human gut health. HM toxicity occurs through reactive oxygen species which can cause damage to cellular components such as DNA, proteins and lipids. This oxidative damage can lead to various health issues, including neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular problems and impaired immune function. EPS biopolymers have shown promising results in the removal of HMs from contaminated environments through binding with metal ions, preventing their harmful effects on living organisms. Thus, EPS biopolymers have been found to enhance the growth and activity of probiotic microorganisms, further aiding in the bioremediation process. Vigorous research is needed to understand the underlying mechanism and cell surface morphology of bacteria for better sorption and removal of HMs. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.