Homogenized NiO x nanoparticles for improved hole transport in inverted perovskite solar cells

as well as surface hydroxyl groups for bonding. A 25.2% certified PCE for a mask size of 0.074 square centimeters was obtained. This device maintained 85.4% of the initial PCE after 1000 hours of stabilized power output operation under 1 sun light irradiation at about 50°C and 85.1% of the initial PCE after 500 hours of accelerated aging at 85°C. We obtained a PCE of 21.0% for a minimodule with an aperture area of 14.65 square centimeters.