Use of Antifibrinolytics in Pediatric Life-Threatening Hemorrhage: A Prospective Observational Multicenter Study

OBJECTIVES: To assess the impact of antifibrinolytics in children with life-threatening hemorrhage. DESIGN: Secondary analysis of the MAssive Transfusion epidemiology and outcomes In Children study dataset, a prospective observational study of children with life-threatening bleeding events. SETTING: Twenty-four children’s hospitals in the United States, Canada, and Italy. PATIENTS: Children 0–17 years old who received greater than 40 mL/kg of total blood products over 6 hours or were transfused under activation of massive transfusion protocol. Intervention/Exposure: Children were compared according to receipt of antifibrinolytic medication (tranexamic acid or aminocaproic acid) during the bleeding event. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Patient characteristics, medications administered, and clinical outcomes were analyzed using Cox proportional hazard and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. The primary outcome was 24-hour mortality. Of 449 patients analyzed, median age was 7 years (2–15 yr), and 55% were male. The etiology of bleeding was 46% traumatic, 34% operative, and 20% medical. Twelve percent received antifibrinolytic medication during the bleeding event ( n = 54 unique subjects; n = 18 epsilon aminocaproic acid, n = 35 tranexamic acid, and n = 1 both). The antifibrinolytic group was comparable with the nonantifibrinolytic group on baseline demographic and physiologic parameters; the antifibrinolytic group had longer massive transfusion protocol duration, received greater volume blood products, and received factor VII more frequently. In the antifibrinolytic group, there was significantly less 6-hour mortality overall (6% vs 17%; p = 0.04) and less 6-hour mortality due to hemorrhage (4% vs 14%; p = 0.04). After adjusting for age, bleeding etiology, Pediatric Risk of Mortality score, and plasma deficit, the antifibrinolytic group had decreased mortality at 6- and 24-hour postbleed (adjusted odds ratio, 0.29 [95% CI, 0.09–0.93]; p = 0.04 and adjusted odds ratio, 0.45 [95% CI, 0.21–0.98]; p = 0.04, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Administration of antifibrinolytic medications during the life-threatening event was independently associated with improved 6- and 24-hour survivals in bleeding children. Consideration should be given to use of antifibrinolytics in pediatric patients with life-threatening hemorrhage.