Role of P2X7 receptor in release of IL-1β, possible mediator of pulmonary inflammation

Extracellular ATP is a signaling molecule which plays an important role in alerting the immune system to any tissue damage. Recent studies show that binding of ATP to the ionotropic P2X7 receptor of inflammatory cells (macrophages and monocytes) will induce caspase 1 activation. Stimulation of caspase 1 activity results in maturation and release of IL-1 in the inflammasome of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) patients. COPD is an inflammatory disease characterized by emphysema and/or chronic bronchitis and is mostly associated with cigarette smoke. It is one of the leading causes of death in humans for which there is currently no medication to stop the progression of the disease. A deeper understanding of the mechanism by which the P2X7 receptor triggers IL-1 maturation and release, may open new opportunities for the treatment of inflammatory diseases such as COPD.