Leveraging generative AI in science lesson study: transforming density concept instruction through ChatGPT integration

Purpose This study investigates the integration of generative AI within the Lesson Study framework in secondary science education, examining its potential to enhance pedagogical development and professional learning outcomes. Design/methodology/approach A case study was conducted in a high school in Hong Kong, following four science teachers implementing a ChatGPT-supported Lesson Study while teaching density concepts to 30 Grade 7 students. Data collection included pre-post test, pre-lesson planning meetings, classroom observations, semi-structured interviews, focus groups, and artefact analysis, with thematic analysis following Braun and Clarke’s approach. Findings The pre-post test results suggest improvements across all density concepts. The integration of ChatGPT in the Lesson Study enhanced collaborative planning efficiency and pedagogical discussions while maintaining critical thinking. Teachers demonstrated growth in technological pedagogical content knowledge, while students showed increased engagement and autonomy in conceptual exploration. Success factors included clear AI usage guidelines, collaborative implementation, and effective scaffolding of student AI use. Research limitations/implications Limitations include the single case study context, specific subject focus, and potential novelty effect of technology use. Future research should explore long-term impacts across diverse educational contexts and subjects. Practical implications The findings provide actionable guidelines for educators implementing AI-supported Lesson Study, emphasising the importance of clear protocols, collaborative planning, and balanced integration of AI tools while maintaining pedagogical integrity. Social implications The study demonstrates how AI integration in educational practices can support both teacher professional development and student learning while preserving critical thinking and autonomous learning capabilities, contributing to broader discussions about AI’s role in education. Originality/value This study provides novel insights into the systematic integration of generative AI within Lesson Study, demonstrating practical approaches for balancing technological capabilities with pedagogical objectives in science education.