A review of solar photovoltaic technologies: developments, challenges, and future perspectives

Solar photovoltaic (PV) technology has emerged as a key renewable energy solution, yet its widespread adoption faces several technical and economic challenges. This review examines the evolution, current advancements, and future prospects of PV systems, highlighting the development of various photovoltaic cell technologies, including crystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, cadmium telluride, perovskite, and organic solar cells. The study explores the operational principles of stand-alone and grid-tied PV systems and their economic significance. A historical perspective is provided, tracing PV technology from the discovery of the photovoltaic effect in 1839 to its latest innovations, such as high-efficiency cells, bifacial panels, solar shingles, transparent solar cells, and PV-driven hydrogen production. The methodology involves an extensive review of recent advancements, industry trends, and existing literature to identify key challenges in PV deployment, including efficiency losses, high initial costs, and market integration barriers. Findings indicate that while significant progress has been made, further research and policy support are needed to enhance technology efficiency, reduce costs, and ensure seamless integration into energy markets.