From Molecular Structure to Food Safety: Mechanistic Analysis of Strobilurin-Induced Cardiotoxicity in Zebrafish and LC 50 -Based QSAR Modeling for Toxicity Prediction

The new generation of strobilurin fungicides, due to their chemical stability and water solubility, may lead to persistent residue accumulation, posing significant risks to nontarget organisms. Zebrafish, with cardiac structural and functional similarities to humans, serve as an ideal model for assessing SF-induced cardiotoxicity. Studies show that widespread use of these fungicides is closely linked to cardiac damage in zebrafish, yet the mechanisms remain unclear. This review summarizes the impact of strobilurin fungicides on zebrafish cardiac toxicity, focusing on mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and heart development pathways. Using a two-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship model, we explore the relationship between structural variations in SFs and their cardiotoxic potential. Understanding these mechanisms is essential for developing strategies to mitigate cardiotoxicity and protect aquatic health, providing a scientific basis for the design of safer, more effective pesticides.