RETRACTED: Mechanical, chemical and hydrothermal activation for waste glass reinforced cement

Land disposal of waste glass results in hazardous environmental contamination. Such waste material should be reclaimed because it is inert and consequently nondegradable. The main component of glass is silica showing pozzolanic properties in cementitious matrices. Thus, the use of waste glass as a supplementary cementitious material in concrete is a sustainable solution to the land disposal of such waste materials. However, concrete incorporating waste glass suffers from deleterious expansion arising from alkali-silica reaction (ASR). This paper shows the effects of different activation approaches, including mechanical, chemical, hydrothermal, and combined activation, used to mitigate ASR. To this aim, activated waste glass powder (WGP) was produced using the aforementioned approaches and used in concrete as sand replacement at percentages of 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%. The water to cement ratio remained unchanged for all mixes. Results showed that the combined activation was the optimal approach to increase mechanical property. The hydrothermal activation effectively reduced the detrimental ASR expansion, while the chemical treatment induced excessive expansion even for mixtures with a low WGP content of 10%. Also, microstructural analyses showed erosion on the surface of WGP activated by chemical and combined activation methods. Besides, few CH crystals were observed on 75 μm WGP mortar samples, illustrating the excellent pozzolanic activity on finer WGP.