Mechanistic Study on the Bidentate Nitrogen-Ligated Iodine(V) Reagent Promoted Oxidative Dearomatization of Phenols

Hypervalent iodine reagents, as a type of environmentally friendly and economical oxidants, have received extensive attention from synthetic chemistry in recent years. There are two kinds of common hypervalent iodine reagents: iodine(III) and iodine(V) reagents. Among various iodine(V) based reagents, 2-iodoxybenzoic acid (IBX) is one of the most commonly used oxidants in organic chemistry and has been widely used in selective oxidation of phenols, alcohols, thioethers and many other compounds. Although the IBX can efficiently oxidize electron-rich phenols to obtain o-quinones, which have important applications in catalysis and materials science, the synthesis of electron-deficient o-quinones is still challenging and remains an unsolved problem. Recently, a novel bidentate nitrogen-ligated iodine(V) reagent has been found to efficiently and selectively promote the oxidative dearomatization of electron-deficient phenols to o-quinones. The bidentate-nitrogen ligand has been demonstrated to play a crucial role in the successful oxidative dearomatization of electron-deficient phenols. To understand the origin of the effect of bidentate-nitrogen ligand on oxidative dearomatization, we herein conducted a detailed mechanistic study on the oxidative dearomatization of phenols promoted by iodine(V) reagents with different ligands by using density functional theory (DFT). Geometry optimizations and frequency calculations were carried out at the M06-2X/[6-31G(d,p)LANL2DZ(I)] level of theory. To obtain more accurate electronic energies, single-point energy were calculated at the M06-2X/[6-311G(2d,p)def2-TZVPP(I)] level of theory. The solvation model based on density (SMD) was used to account for the solvation effect of chloroform, the solvents used in the experiment. Calculations revealed that the bidentate-nitrogen ligand not only enhances the reactivity of iodine(V) reagent but also acts as a base to neutralize the strong acid generated in the reaction to prevent product degradation. The insights into the effect of the bidentate-nitrogen ligand on the reactivity of hypervalent iodine reagent obtained from this study would facilitate the future design of novel ligandregulated hypervalent iodine reagents for new reactions. Keywords bidentate-nitrogen ligand; iodine(V)