A green route N, S-doped hard carbon derived from fruit-peel biomass waste as an anode material for rechargeable sodium-ion storage applications

Electrochemical energy storage devices, namely batteries are vital role to cut greenhouse gas secretions and reliable alternative of fossil fuel-used various electrical energy storage systems. Thus, the hard carbon is one of the promising cheapest sustainable material for energy storage sectors. In this study, we assemble the sodium-ion cell via renewable biomass-waste resource of mango-peels derived hard carbon (MPC) used as an anode electrode for Na-ion storage for the first-time. Furthermore, the hard carbon is modified with N, and S (NS-MPC) through a facile carbonization route. The structural, functional, morphological and chemical characteristics are systematically studied in details through spectroscopic techniques. The NS-MPC electrode consisted sodium-ion storage delivers a reversible discharge capacity of 400 mAh/g at a current density of 100 mA/g and exposed a reversible capacity of 155 mAh/g over 2500 cycles at 2 A/g. The Na-ion charge storage behavior reveals through the different rate controlled cyclic voltammetry (CV) analysis, which result exposed increasing contribution percentage of surface-controlled capacity with increment of current rates. Overall, this work signifies to protecting the environment by employed the bio-wastage to wealth applications, especially cost-effective fabrication of batteries for future pioneering grid energy storage applications.