Antibiotic resistant bacteria: current situation and treatment options to accelerate the development of a new antimicrobial arsenal

Antibiotic resistance is one of the biggest public health threats worldwide. Currently, antibiotic-resistant bacteria kill 700,000 people every year. These data represent the near future in which we find ourselves, a 'post-antibiotic era' where the identification and development of new treatments are key. This review is focused on the current and emerging antimicrobial therapies which can solve this global threat.Through a literature search using databases such as Medline and Web of Science, and search engines such as Google Scholar, different antimicrobial therapies were analyzed, including pathogen-oriented therapy, phagotherapy, microbiota and antivirulent therapy. Additionally, the development pathways of new antibiotics were described, emphasizing on the potential advantages that the combination of a drug repurposing strategy with the application of mathematical prediction models could bring to solve the problem of AMRs.This review offers several starting points to solve a single problem: reducing the number of AMR. The data suggest that the strategies described could provide many benefits to improve antimicrobial treatments. However, the development of new antimicrobials remains necessary. Drug repurposing, with the application of mathematical prediction models, is considered to be of interest due to its rapid and effective potential to increase the current therapeutic arsenal.Antibiotic resistance is currently one of the biggest public health threats worldwide. Right now, antibiotic-resistant bacteria kill 700,000 people every year. Many of the available antibiotics are useless against drug resistant bacteria. The present and near future in which we find ourselves is a post-antibiotic era, where the antibiotics we have are unable to combat the bacterial infections that are emerging. In this review, published studies were accessed to explore different techniques that are available to improve existing treatment options. Currently, these strategies cannot replace antibiotic therapy. The reviewed knowledge presents these alternatives as adjuvants to antibiotic treatments. Therefore, research into new antibiotics remains important. This review exposes that the repurposing of known drugs as antibiotics could contribute to the cost-effective search of new antibiotics in a faster and cost-effective way compared to traditional development methods of new antibiotics. The review emphasizes the urgency of identifying new pharmacological targets that can aid in the development of new therapies, and to improve known alternative therapies. Drug repurposing can greatly shorten the time and cost of development of new antibiotics. This strategy adds to the value of certain commercialized molecules, recovering part of the investment made by the pharmaceutic industry. In addition, it provides greater knowledge about other alternative antibiotic therapies and about the mechanisms by which bacteria develop antibiotic resistance.