Preparation and Energy Application of Carbon Hollow Sphere Based Composite Materials

ABSTRACT Driven by global demand for sustainable energy conversion and carbon neutrality, carbon hollow sphere based composites (CHSBCs) have emerged as a frontier material integrating structural confinement with functional synergy. However, the field faces three core bottlenecks: unclear structure performance relationships of hollow cavities, ambiguous synergistic mechanisms between active sites and carbon matrices, and a lack of systematic design principles from synthesis to application. This review systematically summarizes full‐chain preparation strategies for CHSBCs, including hard/soft/self templating, in situ loading, post‐synthetic modification, and metal‐organic‐framework derived pyrolysis, clarifying the applicable scenarios and regulatory mechanisms of each method. We innovatively propose that the hollow cavity functions as a multifunctional nanoreactor rather than a mere physical container, enabling synchronous regulation of volume buffering, mass transfer acceleration, interfacial electron modulation, and active site stabilization. A multi‐scale design roadmap encompassing atomic doping, nanocavity engineering, and micro‐assembly is established to guide rational construction of high‐performance composites. The enhancement mechanisms for performance in batteries and electrocatalytic are thoroughly dissected. Future directions, including green synthesis, in situ characterization, and artificial intelligence assisted design are discussed. This review provides a crucial theoretical foundation and technical guidance for the innovation and application of next‐generation high‐performance carbon‐based materials.