Calibration of Current-to-voltage Converters for Radiometric Applications at Picoampere Level

A constant-voltage method for accurate calibration of current-to-voltage converters has been studied and implemented down to 1-pA level with expanded uncertainty (k=2) of 3800 ppm. The same method is implemented for the characterisation of standard resistors, which is crucial for the calibration itself. The goal of this work is to achieve accurate and traceable measurements for radiometric and photometric applications producing photocurrents at picoampere level.