Removal of microplastics and nanoplastics in water treatment processes: A systematic literature review

Understanding the dynamics of microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) in water treatment processes is crucial, particularly in the context of waterworks, as they are recognized as emerging contaminants in aquatic systems. This review explores into the complex interplay between the MPs and waterworks systems, which are crucial components in treating and delivering treated water to consumers. In this paper, recent research articles were conducted on 26 water treatment plants (WTPs) across 12 countries worldwide, along with an analysis of 103 studies encompassing 54 articles undertaken. This review focused on the characteristics and removal of MPs and NPs in water treatment processes compared to their abundance in the influent, effluent, and sludge. Subsequently, a quantitative analysis was conducted to compare the removal efficiency of MPs and NPs in various critical treatment technologies based on existing data. The paper extensively discussed the detailed mechanisms of crucial treatment technologies, covering primary settling treatment with screening, coagulation-flocculation-sedimentation, filtration, advanced technology, biological treatment, disinfection, and water distribution. Currently, it appears that there are still gaps in the research on the removal of MPs and NPs in water treatment. This review suggests guidelines for future studies that should be undertaken to address these gaps.