Effects of Radiation Ionizer on Vital Molecules: Chemical Mechanisms and Omics (Ombus) Techniques for Detection and Analysis

Purpose: Ionizing radiation (IR) is crucial for diagnostic imaging and cancer treatment, but it also causes significant biological damage by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS). These highly reactive molecules damage important biomolecules, such as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), lipids, and proteins, which causes oxidative stress, changes in structure, and loss of function. To create ways to protect people from and treat radiation damage, and need to know how these systems work. Materials and Methods: In this study, irradiated cell samples were analyzed to evaluate oxidative modifications among various biomolecular classes. Investigated DNA oxidative lesions, lipid peroxidation products, protein carbonylation, and sulfur oxidation in cysteine and methionine residues. Utilized specific chemical probes (Diphenyl-1-pyrenylphosphine, 2.4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine, Girard's P, dimedone, and Alk-B-Ke) to label oxidative markers. Employed liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and LC-MS/MS for quantitative and structural analysis. Results: The findings indicated significant elevations in oxidative biomarkers following radiation exposure: DNA lesions (~35%), lipid peroxidation (~25%), protein carbonyls (~40%), cysteine/methionine oxidation (~30%), and ROS levels (~50%). These results corroborate that IR elicits extensive oxidative stress at the molecular scale. This thorough procedure demonstrates how chemical probes and LC-MS/MS can detect oxidative biomarkers with high sensitivity. Conclusions: The study promotes the development of more effective radioprotective and therapeutic strategies in radiation medicine, establishing a foundation for identifying radiation biomarkers.