Co-assembled ion-pair complex nanoparticles from tranexamic acid and metformin with enhanced transdermal efficacy against UVB-induced pigmentation

studies have confirmed that S-PMT could synergistically inhibit p38/PKA-MITF pathways through scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) and tyrosinase signaling pathways, significantly suppressing UVB-induced intracellular tyrosinase activity and melanin synthesis and inflammatory cytokine expression. Simultaneously, it exhibited excellent safety and skin tolerance. These results provided a basis for the clinical application of S-PMT in UVB induced skin pigmentation, making it a promising non-invasive therapeutic platform for skin pigmentation treatment.