Integrated Transdermal Drug Delivery and Pharmacokinetics in Development

The combination of transdermal mass transfer models with pharmacokinetic models can predict analytical drug disposition in vivo. Skin anatomy and physiology, thermodynamic models of skin permeation, pharmacokinetics of transdermal delivery, and some essential studies for transdermal development are critically reviewed. An extensive discussion of deconvolution is presented as a key tool for quantitatively assessing transdermal delivery in vivo. Translating in vitro release into in vivo performance is discussed. Active skin transport techniques, in particular, microneedles, iontophoresis, thermal ablation, sonophoresis, and electroporation are examined.