Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Can Lead to “Stress-Shielding” of the Anterior Vertebral Body

In Brief Study Design. Mechanical testing of cadaveric lumbar motion segments. Objectives. To test the hypothesis that degenerative changes in the intervertebral discs can influence loading of the anterior vertebral body in a manner that makes it vulnerable to fracture. Summary of Background Data. Measurements of systemic bone loss do not fully explain the patterns of osteoporotic vertebral fractures. Methods. Thirty-three cadaveric lumbar motion segments (aged 19–82 years) were subjected to 2 kN of compressive loading while positioned to simulate habitual erect standing postures and forwards bending. Intradiscal stresses were measured in each posture by pulling a miniature pressure transducer along the midsagittal diameter of the disc. "Stress profiles" were then integrated over area to calculate the force acting on the anterior and posterior halves of the vertebral body. These forces were subtracted from the applied 2 kN to determine the compressive force on the neural arch. Results. In motion segments with nondegenerated discs, <5% of the compressive force was resisted by the neural arch, and forces on the vertebral body were always distributed evenly, irrespective of posture. However, with severely degenerated discs, neural arch load-bearing increased to 40% in the erect posture, and the compressive force on the vertebral body was concentrated anteriorly in forwards bending, and posteriorly in erect posture. Conclusions. Severe disc degeneration causes the anterior vertebral body to be stress-shielded during the usual erect posture, and yet severely loaded whenever the spine is flexed. This could help to explain why this region is frequently the site of osteoporotic fracture, and why forward bending movements often precipitate the injury. Experiments on cadaveric lumbar "motion segments" showed that disc degeneration leads to the anterior vertebral body be-ing stress-shielded in erect postures, and severely loaded in flexed postures. This could help to explain why anterior verte-bral body fractures are so common in elderly people and why flexion movements often precipitate the injury.