Postfunctionalization of biological valve leaflets with a polyphenol network and anticoagulant recombinant humanized type III collagen for improved anticoagulation and endothelialization

Almost all commercial (BHVs) are crosslinked with glutaraldehyde; however, issues such as immune responses, calcification, delayed endothelialization, and especially severe thrombosis threaten the service lifespan of BHVs.