Emerging single-photon detection technique for high-performance photodetector

Single-photon detections (SPDs) represent a highly sensitive light detection technique capable of detecting individual photons at extremely low light intensity levels. This technology mainly relies on the mainstream SPDs, such as photomultiplier tubes (PMTs), avalanche photodiodes (SAPD), superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs), superconducting transition-edge sensor (TES), and hybrid lead halide perovskite. However, the complexity and high manufacturing cost, coupled with the requirement of special conditions like a low-temperature environment, pose significant challenges to the wide adoption of SPDs. To address the challenges faced by SPDs, significant efforts have been devoted to enhancing their performance. In this review, we first summarize the principles and technical challenges of several SPDs. Conductors, superconductors, semiconductors, 3D bulk materials, 2D film materials, 1D nanowires, and 0D quantum dots have all been discussed for single-photon detectors. Methods such as special optical structure, waveguide integration, and strain engineering have been employed to elevate the performance of single-photon detectors. These techniques enhance light absorption and modulate the band structure of the material, thereby improving the single-photon sensitivity. By providing an overview of the current situation and future challenges of SPDs, this review aims to propose potential solutions for photon detection technology.