In vitro fecal fermentation characteristics and impact on gut microbiota abundance and metabolism of Brassica rapa L. polysaccharides extracted using natural deep eutectic solvents vs. hot water

. These metabolites are involved in key metabolic pathways-such as purine metabolism, tryptophan/phenylalanine/tyrosine metabolism, the arginine-proline cycle, and glutathione-mediated redox homeostasis-together contributing to the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that the extraction method significantly influences the structural properties and fermentation dynamics of BRLs, which in turn shape their functional capacities.