Terahertz biosensing with a graphene-metamaterial heterostructure platform

Terahertz (THz) radiation attracted great interest in the fields of material characterization, nondestructive security screening, clinical diagnostics, and identification of chemicals and molecules. Label-free THz sensing of trace amount of targets including biomolecules is promising because of their rich spectral fingerprint in this electromagnetic region; however, improving the sensitivity remains to be a challenge, partially due to the limitations of THz sources and detectors. The resonantly enhanced electromagnetic fields in metamaterials and metasurfaces offer a potentially viable solution, although highly complicated decoration process is still needed for biosensing on the surface of metamaterials. Here we demonstrate a simple biosensing platform by integrating a monolayer graphene on a THz metamaterial absorber cavity, where the introduction of sensing targets results in a large change of the metamaterial resonant absorption (or reflection) because of their strong interaction with graphene. We experimentally show its ultrahigh sensitivity through detecting trace amount of chlorpyrifos methyl down to 0.2 ng. Using simple decoration steps and utilizing DNA to capture thrombin, we further show the feasibility of this platform serving as a sensitive biosensor.