The application of 3D printing technology on starch-based product: A review

A 3D printing technology is applied to digitally design and manufacture a 3D object by using a laser or an inkjet device controlled by a computer. 3D printing has extremely high requirements for raw materials with appropriate rheological properties that allow it to be extruded and maintain shapes. Starches are suitable for 3D printing due to their particular structural features, which make the gelatinised starch gel viscoelastic, resulting in shear thinning and rapid response to applied shear strain. Although starches have great potential to be used as a printing material, some obstacles must be overcome to realise the practical application of starch in 3D printing. The technical considerations of a starch-based 3D bioprinting product are summarised in this work. The physiochemical modifications and additives used to enhance the printability and nutritional function properties of starch-based printing products are discussed. Future perspectives of starch-based 3D printing are provided to support the promising spectrum that these materials can be used in biomedical research, including drug delivery and biopolymeric materials. The internal structures and composition of starch are highly related to its printing performance, the printing parameters significantly influence the printing stability and quality including the design of nozzle, printing speed, filling rate and printing temperature. Physiochemical modifications and additives effectively improve the printability and nutritional properties of starch inks. The 3D printing technology can customise starch products for personalised control of digestion and nutrition, satisfying the growing consumer and market demand for healthy food.