The Fact of Moral Evil; and Free Will

Abstract Part 3 (chs. 7–11) of this book shows how God has to allow the possibility of bad things if he is to provide the good things described in Part 2. First, he has to allow creatures to freely choose what is bad. Although it is implausible to suppose that all possible creatures would suffer from ‘transworld depravity’, as Plantinga supposes, creatures do need bad desires (temptations) if they are to have a choice between good and bad.