Dental pulp capping materials: modulators of stem cell behavior and regenerative potential

Abstract Objective . This review aims to summarize current knowledge on the effects of various pulp capping agents on dental-derived stem cells during pulp capping procedures. Pulp capping is a biologically based treatment designed to manage minimal pulpal exposure or prevent it, thereby preserving pulp vitality and avoiding root canal therapy. The success of this approach relies heavily on dentin bridge formation, which is influenced by the behavior of dental stem cells and the type of material used. Understanding how pulp capping agents affect these stem cells and their molecular mechanisms is essential for optimizing treatment outcomes. Methods . A comprehensive literature review was conducted to evaluate the effects of various pulp capping materials on dental-derived stem cells, with a particular focus on the molecular pathways activated during pulp capping and their influence on stem cell differentiation, proliferation, and dentin bridge formation. Results . The findings indicate that pulp capping materials exert diverse effects on dental-derived stem cells, largely influenced by their composition. These materials activate specific molecular pathways that regulate stem cell fate and reparative responses. For instance, calcium hydroxide and mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) engage distinct signaling cascades that promote odontogenic differentiation. The dynamic interaction between stem cells and pulp capping agents underscores the potential for developing targeted therapies that selectively modulate molecular pathways to enhance pulp regeneration. Conclusions . Understanding the interaction between pulp capping agents and dental-derived stem cells is essential for optimizing treatment outcomes. Future research should aim to refine both materials and clinical protocols to enhance stem cell responsiveness, thereby advancing the development of more effective and biologically driven pulp capping strategies.