Outcomes of surgical resection and vagus nerve stimulation in patients with medically refractory epilepsy and glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 antibody positivity

Epilepsy associated with high-titer glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) IgG is often refractory to immunotherapies and antiseizure medication. This study sought to determine the efficacy of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) and surgical resection in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy associated with GAD65-IgG. We retrospectively identified 15 patients with drug-resistant epilepsy and high serum GAD65 antibody titers (>20 nmol·L