Microbiome Mediated Immune Crosstalk on the Gut-Thyroid Axis in Autoimmune Thyroid Disease

Despite largely associative human evidence, converging mechanistic findings highlight the gut microbiota as a modifiable contributor to thyroid autoimmunity. Future priorities include clarifying causality, identifying keystone microbial taxa and metabolites, and establishing standardized interventional frameworks to facilitate translation into endocrine practice.