Porphyrinic Acceptors for Fullerene-Free Molecular Photovoltaics

Over the past few years, the development of nonfullerene acceptors (NFAs) has become a prominent focus in both organic and perovskite solar cell (OSCs and PSCs, respectively) research fields. In this context, porphyrinoids, compounds structurally related to porphyrins, have emerged as promising solar cell candidates. In contrast to the widely used fullerene acceptors, porphyrinoids exhibit strong, broad absorption properties across the UV-vis/NIR spectrum, which can be easily tuned through chemical modifications. Furthermore, they can be prepared and derivatized using cost-effective and straightforward methodologies, allowing for convenient adjustments in thin-film morphology, processability, supramolecular organization, and energy levels. Additionally, these compounds offer higher thermal and photochemical stability, resulting in longer device lifetimes compared to their fullerene-based counterparts. In this review, we outline the utilization of porphyrinoids as NFAs in OSCs and PSCs, discussing essential as