Multifunctional basalt fiber polymer composites enabled by carbon nanotubes and graphene

Basalt fiber (BF) is an eco-friendly fiber that can mitigate environmental footprint by enabling lightweight composite systems and components. When combined with carbonaceous structures such as carbon nanotubes (CNT) and graphene, these fibers can form multi-scale composites with remarkable potential for creating smart composites with added functionalities. In this paper, we review various fiber treatment methods used for nanomaterials, which include chemical vapor deposition (CVD), electrophoretic deposition, sizing, dipping, and chemical grafting. Compared to matrix modification, fiber treatment methods are more efficient in facilitating better load transfer between the matrix resin and fiber reinforcement through a nanomaterial bridge. Custom sizing with nanomaterials and CVD processes without a catalyst have been found the most effective methods for immobilizing nanomaterials onto the fibers. This advancement sets the stage for a new generation of sustainable and functional polymer composites that can support a circular economy.