Neutrophil-based delivery platforms: from natural mechanisms to engineered therapeutics

capture, surface modification, and gene editing, as well as neutrophil-mimicking approaches based on neutrophil membranes, exosomes, and neutrophil-like cells. Manipulation of drug loading and release from NDDSs and functionalization of neutrophils allow for precise regulation and intervention of disease procession. In addition, we propose emerging approaches for novel NDDSs from an immunometabolic perspective. Finally, we address challenges and opportunities for advancing NDDSs into clinical practice.