Human-AI co-orchestration: the role of artificial intelligence in orchestration

As technology becomes more integrated into learning scenarios, the roles and responsibilities of instructors, learners, and technologies in managing these activities need to be balanced. Orchestration refers to the planning and real-time management of learning, where instructors are involved in major agentive roles. By emphasizing interactions across the broader learning environment, beyond learner–technology or group-technology interactions, “orchestration” provides a valuable lens through which to study and design learning technologies. In the first part of this chapter, we explore the scope and boundaries of orchestration as it relates to artificial intelligence in education (AIEd) and discuss how this scope has shifted over time. We then address the question of how the task of managing a learning scenario can be shared across multiple agents in a learning environment (i.e., co-orchestration), including both human and AI agents. In particular, we highlight what makes orchestration support unique from the forms of support AIEd systems traditionally provide. Finally, we discuss the state-of-the-art in research and technologies at the intersection of AIEd and orchestration and identify fruitful directions for future work.