Synergistically engineered nanotransethosomes for co-delivery of methotrexate and baicalin for enhanced transdermal delivery against rheumatoid arthritis: formulation, characterisation and in vivo pharmacodynamic evaluation

study, it was found that the MTH-BCN-TRS gel exhibits significantly promising anti-arthritic properties when compared to the conventional diclofenac gel. This was demonstrated through histopathological studies and radiographic analysis. Furthermore, skin irritation investigation on Wistar albino rats confirmed that the formulated MTH-BCN-TRS is a safe option for topical treatment on the skin. The present study has confirmed that the formulated TRS vesicles are a valuable carrier for the transdermal delivery of MTH and BCN, which may be used for the management of rheumatoid arthritis.