Optimization of lead-free materials-based perovskite solar cell using SCAPS-1D simulation

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are the foremost transition in photovoltaics approaching commercialization. The tin-based perovskites take off the toxic lead-based perovskites in the solar cells. The parameters of each layer in the device play a significant role in the device performance graph. The main aim of this simulation is to design a highly efficient and environment-friendly PSC. The influence of parameters such as device temperature, total defect density, work function, thickness, and electron affinity plays a vital role in the photovoltaic response. Here, the active layer is explored in this study. After the SCAPS-1D simulation of FTO (fluorine-dopped oxide)/SnO2/FASnI3/CuI/Au based device, the impact of optimization of the device temperature and active layer, the performance parametric of the device is analyzed, which led to the breakthrough by a surprising rise in PCE of 30.33 %, VOC = 1.28 V, JSC = 27.72 mA/cm2 and FF = 85.33 % with active layer thickness of 450 nm, Nt = 1 × 1013 cm−3 and at the device operating temperature at 300K providing a valuable vision for tin-based perovskite applications.