Artificial intelligence for science—bridging data to wisdom

Throughout the scientific discoveries of human history, research paradigms have undergone profound changes.1 As shown in Figure 1, from the empirical paradigm, which relies on experimental observation, to the theoretical paradigm, which is based on theoretical deduction, and further to the computational paradigm, which is associated with simulation and emulation, and finally to the data-driven paradigm, which is grounded in human-machine-object integration, every transformation of scientific paradigm has brought about a major leap in science and technology.